Group 3 | Antoine Laurent Lavoisier

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To Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, he was able to determine correctly what was happening during the combustion of metals. Stemming from this work and other experiments, he is credited with developing evidence for the Law of Conservation of Mass in 1777. According to Lavoisier, atom is an empty space.

Biography~





Lavoisier, Antoine (1743-1794)


French chemist who, through a conscious revolution, became the father of modern chemistry. As a student, he stated "I am young and avid for glory." He was educated in a radical tradition, a friend of Condillac and read Maquois's dictionary. He won a prize on lighting the streets of Paris, and designed a new method for preparing saltpeter. He also married a young, beautiful 13-year-old girl named Marie-Anne, who translated from English for him and illustrated his books. Lavoisier demonstrated with careful measurements that transmutation of water to earth was not possible, but that the sediment observed from boiling water came from the container. He burnt phosphorus and sulfur in air, and proved that the products weighed more than he original. Nevertheless, the weight gained was lost from the air. Thus he established the Law of Conservation of Mass.


Repeating the experiments of Priestley, he demonstrated that air is composed of two parts, one of which combines with metals to form calxes. However, he tried to take credit for Priestley's discovery. This tendency to use the results of others without acknowledgment then draw conclusions was characteristic of Lavoisier. In Considérations Générales sur la Nature des Acides (1778), he demonstrated that the "air" responsible for combustion was also the source of acidity. The next year, he named this portion oxygen (Greek for acid-former), and the other azote (Greek for no life). He also discovered that the inflammable air of Cavendish which he termed hydrogen (Greek for water-former), combined with oxygen to produce a dew, as Priestley had reported, which appeared to be water.

In Reflexions sur le Phlogistique (1783), Lavoisier showed the phlogiston theory to be inconsistent. In Methods of Chemical Nomenclature (1787), he invented the system of chemical nomenclature still largely in use today, including names such as sulfuric acid, sulfates, and sulfites. His Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elementary Treatise of Chemistry, 1789) was the first modern chemical textbook, and presented a unified view of new theories of chemistry, contained a clear statement of the Law of Conservation of Mass, and denied the existence of phlogiston. In addition, it contained a list of elements, or substances that could not be broken down further, which included oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, mercury, zinc, and sulfur. His list, however, also included light, and caloric, which he believed to be material substances. In the work, Lavoisier underscored the observational basis of his chemistry, stating "I have tried...to arrive at the truth by linking up facts; to suppress as much as possible the use of reasoning, which is often an unreliable instrument which deceives us, in order to follow as much as possible the torch of observation and of experiment." Nevertheless, he believed that the real existence of atoms was philosophically impossible. Lavoisier demonstrated that organisms disassemble and reconstitute atmospheric air in the same manner as a burning body.

With Laplace, he used a calorimeter to estimate the heat evolved per unit of carbon dioxide produced. They found the same ratio for a flame and animals, indicating that animals produced energy by a type of combustion. Lavoisier believed in the radical theory, believing that radicals, which function as a single group in a chemical reaction, would combine with oxygen in reactions. He believed all acids contained oxygen. He also discovered that diamond is a crystalline form of carbon. Lavoisier made many fundamental contributions to the science of chemistry. The revolution in chemistry which he brought about was a result of a conscious effort to fit all experiments into the framework of a single theory. He established the consistent use of chemical balance, used oxygen to overthrow the phlogiston theory, and developed a new system of chemical nomenclature. He was beheaded during the French revolution.

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Historical and Political Events

1783

Antoine Lavoisier proposed a name for the new element, “hydrogen,” after the Greek hydros for “water” and genes for “born or formed.” Lavoisier recognized that when hydrogen was burned, it produced water as a byproduct, through the combination of ...In 1783, Antoine Lavoisier proposed a name for the new element, “hydrogen,” after the Greek hydros for “water” and genes for “born or formed.” Lavoisier recognized that when hydrogen was burned, it produced water as a byproduct, through the combination of hydrogen and oxygen in the air. Thus, the element in a sense gives birth to water. Once hydrogen was fully recognized as an element, it began to be extracted from various natural sources and used in an assortment of fields.

1784

 From the earliest system designed by Lavoisier to the first "metabolic carts" in the early 1970s and today's computerized rapid response gas analysis system, the basic premise to measure EE has remained essentially unchanged. In 1784, Antoine Lavoisier devised ...From the earliest system designed by Lavoisier to the first "metabolic carts" in the early 1970s and today's computerized rapid response gas analysis system, the basic premise to measure EE has remained essentially unchanged. In 1784, Antoine Lavoisier devised a method to measure the byproducts of combustion, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide. Lavoisier is considered to be the father of indirect calorimetry and also is credited with naming oxygen.

1787

Antoine Lavoisier proposed that heat is a fluid that is invisible to the eye. According to Lavoisier, caloric fluid exists in the space around the atoms of a solid, and a solid becomes a liquid when the atoms are no longer attracted to one another.

1789

The first was the law of conservation of mass, formulated by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789, which states that the total mass in a chemical reaction remains constant (that is, the reactants have the same mass as the products). In 1789, Antoine Lavoisier published a list of 33 chemical elements. Although Lavoisier grouped the elements into gases, metals, non-metals, and earths, chemists spent the following centuries searching for a more precise classification scheme.



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Photos of the Past o.O

Detail of picture of a combustion experiment

Laboratory equipment used by Lavoisier circa 1780s

Antoine Lavoisier's famous phlogiston experiment. Engraving by Mme Lavoisier in the 1780s taken from Traité élémentaire de chimie (Elementary treatise on chemistry).

Combustion generated by focusing sunlight over flammable materials using lenses, an experiment conducted by Lavoisier in the 1770s.

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier

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